一、詞類(lèi)、句子成分和構(gòu)詞法：
1、詞類(lèi)：英語(yǔ)詞類(lèi)分十種：
名詞、形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、冠詞、動(dòng)詞、副詞、介詞、連詞、感嘆詞。
1、名詞(n.)： 表示人、事物、地點(diǎn)或抽象概念的名稱(chēng)。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.
2、代詞(pron.)： 主要用來(lái)代替名詞。如：who, she, you, it .
3、形容詞(adj..)：表示人或事物的性質(zhì)或特征。如：good, right, white, orange .
4、數(shù)詞(num.)： 表示數(shù)目或事物的順序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.
5、動(dòng)詞(v.)： 表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。如：am, is,are,have,see .
6、副詞(adv.)： 修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或其他副詞,說(shuō)明時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly.
7、冠詞(art..)：用在名詞前,幫助說(shuō)明名詞。如：a, an, the.
8、介詞(prep.)： 表示它后面的名詞或代詞與其他句子成分的關(guān)系。如in, on, from, above, behind.
9、連詞(conj.)： 用來(lái)連接詞、短語(yǔ)或句子。如and, but, before .
10、感嘆詞(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、樂(lè)等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello.
2、句子成分：英語(yǔ)句子成分分為七種：主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
1、主語(yǔ)是句子所要說(shuō)的人或事物,回答是“誰(shuí)”或者“什么”。通常用名詞或代詞擔(dān)任。如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)
2、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),回答“做(什么)”。主要由動(dòng)詞擔(dān)任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打掃房間)
3、表語(yǔ)在系動(dòng)詞之后,說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么樣”。通常由名詞、代詞或形容詞擔(dān)任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍)
4、賓語(yǔ)表示及物動(dòng)詞的對(duì)象或結(jié)果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名詞或代詞擔(dān)任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼這個(gè)詞)
有些及物動(dòng)詞帶有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ),一個(gè)指物,一個(gè)指人。指物的叫直接賓語(yǔ),指人的叫間接賓語(yǔ)。間接賓語(yǔ)一般放在直接賓語(yǔ)的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他給我寫(xiě)了一封信)
有時(shí)可把介詞to或for加在間接賓語(yǔ)前構(gòu)成短語(yǔ),放在直接賓語(yǔ)后面,來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語(yǔ)。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他給我寫(xiě)了一封信)
5、定語(yǔ)修飾名詞或代詞,通常由形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞等擔(dān)任。如：Shanghai is a big city .(上海是個(gè)大城市)
6、狀語(yǔ)用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞,通常由副詞擔(dān)任。如：He works hard .(他工作努力)
7、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)用來(lái)說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)怎么樣或干什么,通常由形容詞或動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)。如：They usually keep their classroom clean.(他們通常讓教室保持清潔) / He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常幫我做功課) / The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老師要我自學(xué)法語(yǔ))
☆同位語(yǔ)通常緊跟在名詞、代詞后面,進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明它的情況。如：Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同學(xué)湯姆在哪里?)
3、構(gòu)詞法：英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞法主要有：合成法、派生法和轉(zhuǎn)換法。
1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。
2、派生法：(1)派生名詞：①動(dòng)詞+er/or ②動(dòng)詞+ing ③動(dòng)詞+(t)ion ④形容詞+ness ⑤其他,如：inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge
(2)派生形容詞：①名詞+y ②名詞+ful ③動(dòng)詞+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥Chinese; Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩國(guó)名+(i)an 如：snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious
(3)派生副詞：①形容詞+ly ②其它,如：slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly等等。
3、轉(zhuǎn)換法：
(1)形容詞→動(dòng)詞,如：dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(干凈的)→clean(打掃,弄干凈),等等。
(2)動(dòng)詞→名詞,如：look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。
(3)名詞→動(dòng)詞,如：hand(手)→(傳遞),face(臉)→(面對(duì))等等。
(4)形容詞→副詞,如：early→early, fast→fast等等。
(5)副詞→連詞,如：when(什么時(shí)候)→(當(dāng)……時(shí)候),等等。
(6)介詞→副詞,如：in(到……里)→(在里面;在家),on(在…上)→(進(jìn)行,繼續(xù)),等等。
二、名詞：
1、英語(yǔ)名詞可分專(zhuān)有名詞和普通名詞兩大類(lèi)：
(1)專(zhuān)有名詞是個(gè)別的人、地、物、團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)等的專(zhuān)用名稱(chēng)。
專(zhuān)有名詞中實(shí)詞的第一個(gè)字母要大寫(xiě)。
如：Beijing, Tom, the People’s Republic of China(中華人民共和國(guó))
專(zhuān)有名詞如果是含有普通名詞的短語(yǔ),則必須使用定冠詞the。如：the Great Wall(長(zhǎng)城)
姓氏名如果采用復(fù)數(shù)形式,則表示該姓氏一家人(復(fù)數(shù)含義),如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。
(2)普通名詞是許多人或事物的共有名稱(chēng)。如：pupil, family, man, foot.
普通名詞又分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。
▲可數(shù)名詞是可以用簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)詞進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)的名詞,如： box, child, orange;
▲不可數(shù)名詞是不可以用簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)詞進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)的名詞。如：water, news, oil, population, information .
2、英語(yǔ)可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)：英語(yǔ)可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。
(1)名詞由單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)的基本方法如下：
①在單數(shù)名詞詞尾加s。如：map → maps,boy→ boys,horse→ horses, table→ tables.
②s,o,x ,sh,ch結(jié)尾的詞加es.如：class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches.
[注]：少數(shù)以o結(jié)尾的詞,變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)只加s。如：photo→photos, piano→pianos.
③以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,變y為i,再加es。如：family→families, city→cities, party→parties.
④以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞,變f或fe為v,再加es。如：shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives.
(2)不規(guī)則變化：man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese
不可數(shù)名詞一般沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式,說(shuō)明其數(shù)量時(shí),要用有關(guān)計(jì)量名詞。如：a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk.
3、名詞所有格：名詞所有格表示所屬關(guān)系,相當(dāng)于物主代詞,在句中作定語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)。其構(gòu)成法如下：
(1)表示人或其它有生命的東西的名詞常在詞尾加’s。如：Childern’s Day(兒童節(jié)), my sister’s book(我姐姐的書(shū))
(2)以s或es結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。只在詞尾加’。如：Teachers’ Day(教師節(jié))
(3)有些表示時(shí)間、距離以及世界、國(guó)家、城鎮(zhèn)等無(wú)生命的名詞,也可在詞尾加’s. 如：
today’s newspaper(今天的報(bào)紙), ten minutes’ break(十分鐘的課間休息),
China’s population(中國(guó)的人口).
(4)無(wú)論表示有生命還是無(wú)生命的東西的名詞,一般均可用介詞of短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系。如：
a fine daughter of the Party(黨的好女兒).
[注解]：① ‘s還可以表示某人的家或者某個(gè)店鋪,如：my aunt’s (我阿姨家), the doctor’s(診所)
② 兩人共有某物時(shí),可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,如：Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和麗麗合住的臥室)
③ “of+名詞所有格/名詞性物主代詞”,稱(chēng)為雙重所有格,如：a friend of my father’s(我父親的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)
4、名詞或代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)和謂語(yǔ)之間的單復(fù)數(shù)的一致問(wèn)題：
(1)謂語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)基本保持單復(fù)數(shù)的一致,即：主語(yǔ)是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式：如：The computer was a great invention.(計(jì)算機(jī)是個(gè)了不起的發(fā)明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)
(2)集體名詞(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主語(yǔ)時(shí),
① 如果表示整體概念,則謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)
② 如果表示其中的所有成員時(shí),則謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.(三班有張中國(guó)地圖)
(3)Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示單個(gè)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù),表示許多時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。如：There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只綿羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些綿羊)
(4)maths, news等雖然有s結(jié)尾,但不是復(fù)數(shù),因此謂語(yǔ)仍用單數(shù)：The news is very exciting. (這個(gè)消息令人興奮)
(5)glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名詞往往用復(fù)數(shù)形式,故謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。如：
The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(褲子很便宜,我想買(mǎi))
(6)a lot of 后跟名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式,跟不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。如：A lot of students are playing baseball now.(現(xiàn)在有許多學(xué)生在打壘球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的時(shí)間花在了那個(gè)工作上)(被動(dòng)句)
(7)and 連接兩個(gè)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)原則上用復(fù)數(shù),但是兩個(gè)名詞若構(gòu)成一個(gè)整體事物時(shí),謂語(yǔ)則用單數(shù)。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老師和他的兒子在摘蘋(píng)果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (魚(yú)和薯?xiàng)l是一種出名的食品)
(8) there be 句型中be的單復(fù)數(shù)一般由靠近的名詞決定。如：There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房間里有一張桌子和四張椅子)
(9)用both…and…連接兩個(gè)事物做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)一般用復(fù)數(shù)。如：Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都來(lái))
(10)主語(yǔ)中含有with的短語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)由with之前的人物決定。如：A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名婦女帶著一個(gè)七歲的孩子(當(dāng)時(shí))就站在路邊)
(11)either…or…或者 neither…nor…連接兩個(gè)人物做句子主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)采用就近原則。如：Either you or he is right.(要么是你對(duì),要么是他對(duì)。/你和他有一個(gè)人是對(duì)的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)
(12)表示一段時(shí)間或長(zhǎng)度概念的復(fù)數(shù)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)。如：Two months is not a short time.(兩個(gè)月不是個(gè)短時(shí)間)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距離).(兩千千米是相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的一段距離)
(13)主語(yǔ)中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等詞語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)由名詞確定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特網(wǎng)上四分之三以上的信息是用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(學(xué)生的三分之一(當(dāng)時(shí))正在湖邊玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(這些河流中的水已經(jīng)被污染了)(被動(dòng)句)
但是,population一詞又有特殊情況： What’s the population of China?(中國(guó)人口是多少?)(句子用單數(shù)) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(這個(gè)城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用復(fù)數(shù))
5、部分名詞用法辨析：
(1)sport、game、match、race 的區(qū)別：sport通常指“戶(hù)外運(yùn)動(dòng)”,以鍛煉為主,概念較大;game意思是“運(yùn)動(dòng)、比賽”,不管戶(hù)內(nèi)戶(hù)外還是腦力體力,指以勝負(fù)為主的運(yùn)動(dòng);match意為“競(jìng)賽、比賽”,多指正式比賽;race主要表示“賽跑、賽馬、賽車(chē)”。如：People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜愛(ài)運(yùn)動(dòng)) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奧運(yùn)會(huì)將在北京舉行)(被動(dòng)句) / Our school football team won the league match(聯(lián)賽).(我們學(xué)校足球隊(duì)取得了聯(lián)賽冠軍) / They were strong and won the boat race.(湯他們很棒,贏得了劃艇比賽)
(2)festival、holiday、vacation的區(qū)別：festival“節(jié)日”,指喜慶的日子或持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的文娛活動(dòng);holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣,復(fù)數(shù)可以表示一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的假期;vacation“假期”,指學(xué)習(xí)或工作中一段長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的休息。如：The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海電視節(jié)將在下個(gè)月舉行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是個(gè)假日,多數(shù)人不工作) / What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情?)
(3)journey、tour、trip、travel的區(qū)別：journey指在陸地上(或海上或空中)進(jìn)行的長(zhǎng)途旅行,不知終點(diǎn),含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,強(qiáng)調(diào)游覽多處,常用來(lái)指觀(guān)光等;trip通常指往返定時(shí)的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指長(zhǎng)期或長(zhǎng)途的觀(guān)光旅行,尤其指到國(guó)外,沒(méi)有明確目的地,也作不可數(shù)名詞,指旅行這一行為。如：He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行觀(guān)光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好幾次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亞哥) during your travels?(旅行期間你去圣地亞哥了嗎?) / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里邊穿行是很危險(xiǎn)的)
(4)sound、noise、voice的區(qū)別：sound指各種聲音;noise主要指“噪音”;voice指人的“嗓音”。如：The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧囂聲讓我徹夜難眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然間傳來(lái)幾聲槍響和一聲尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因?yàn)楦忻暗木壒?這個(gè)歌唱家失去了她銀鈴般的嗓音)
(5)fish的問(wèn)題：指許多條魚(yú)且不管種類(lèi)時(shí),用fish,單復(fù)數(shù)相同;fishes 指許多種類(lèi)的魚(yú);fish指“魚(yú)肉”時(shí)是不可數(shù)名詞。如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多種類(lèi)的魚(yú))/ I prefer fish to meat.(與肉相比我更喜歡魚(yú))
三、代詞：
1、代詞的分類(lèi)：英語(yǔ)中代詞分為：人稱(chēng)代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、關(guān)系代詞、疑問(wèn)代詞、連接代詞和不定代詞等等。
2、人稱(chēng)代詞：人稱(chēng)代詞代替人和事物的名稱(chēng),分為主格和賓格兩種形式。
(1)主格用來(lái)作句子的主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)。如： I often go shopping on Sundays.(星期天我常去購(gòu)物) / Are they from Brazil?(他們是巴西人嗎?) / Where have they gone?(他們上哪兒去了?) / That’s it.(就那么回事) / It’s he!(是他!)
(2)賓格用來(lái)作及物動(dòng)詞或者介詞的賓語(yǔ)。如：Who teaches you English this year?(今年誰(shuí)教你們的英語(yǔ)?) / Help me!(救救我!) / We often write letters to her.(我們常給他寫(xiě)信)
(3)人稱(chēng)代詞作表語(yǔ)或者放在比較狀語(yǔ)從句連詞than或as之后時(shí),可以用主格形式,也可以用賓格形式,口語(yǔ)中大多用賓格。如：--Who is it?(是誰(shuí)?) ?It’s I/me.(是我。)
(4)三個(gè)不同人稱(chēng)同時(shí)出現(xiàn),或者主語(yǔ)中包含“我”時(shí),按照“you→he→I”的順序表達(dá)。如：
Both he and I are working at that computer company.(我和他都在那家電腦公司上班) ?Who will go there?(誰(shuí)要去那兒?) ?You and me.(你和我)
(5)人稱(chēng)代詞it除了可以指人指物之外,還可以表示“時(shí)間、天氣、溫度、距離、情況”等含義,此外還可以作“非人稱(chēng)代詞”使用,替代作主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)的不定式、動(dòng)名詞或者名詞性從句。如：--What’s the weather like today?(今天天氣怎樣?)—It’s fine.(天氣晴好) / --What’s the time?(幾點(diǎn)啦?) ?It’s 12：00.(12點(diǎn)) / It’s a long way to go.(那可要走好長(zhǎng)的路) / It took him three days to clean his house.(打掃屋子花了他三天的時(shí)間) / It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into space.(很顯然,公眾想知道這些人什么時(shí)候能進(jìn)入太空) / We found it very difficult to learn a foreign language well.(我們發(fā)覺(jué)要學(xué)好一門(mén)外語(yǔ)是非常困難的)
3、物主代詞：說(shuō)明事物所屬關(guān)系的代詞,分為形容詞性和名詞性?xún)煞N。
1、形容詞性物主代詞只能作句子中名詞的修飾語(yǔ),后面要跟名詞。如：
Is that your umbrella?(那是你的傘嗎?) / I often go to see my aunt on Sundays.(我經(jīng)常在星期天去看望阿姨) / They are their books.(是他們的書(shū))
2、名詞性物主代詞相當(dāng)于名詞,既代替事物又表明所屬關(guān)系,在句子中往往獨(dú)立地作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或者表語(yǔ),后面千萬(wàn)不可以跟名詞。如：
This is your cup,but where is mine?(這是你的杯子,可我的在哪兒?) / Your classroom is very big, but ours is rather small.(你們的教室很大,我們的相當(dāng)小)
3、“of + 名詞性物主代詞”稱(chēng)為雙重所有格,作定語(yǔ)時(shí)放在名詞的后面。如：
A friend of mine came to see me yesterday.(我的一個(gè)朋友昨天來(lái)看我了) (指若干朋友中有一個(gè)來(lái)看我。)
[試比較] My friend came to see me yesterday.(我的朋友昨天來(lái)看我了)(指我的那個(gè)特定的朋友來(lái)看我。)
4、反身代詞：表示謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作與主語(yǔ)有關(guān)或者賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作與賓語(yǔ)有關(guān)。
1、反身代詞在句子中作賓語(yǔ)表示反射(指一個(gè)動(dòng)作回到該動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者本身)。如：
Don’t play with the knife, you might hurt yourself.(不要玩刀子,那會(huì)割傷你的)
2、在句子中作同位語(yǔ)表示強(qiáng)調(diào)(即用來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)名詞或代詞的語(yǔ)氣)。如：
The story itself is good. Only he didn’t tell it well.(故事本身是好的,只是他沒(méi)有講好)
5、指示代詞： 指示說(shuō)明近處或者遠(yuǎn)處、上文或者下文、以前或者現(xiàn)在的人或事物。
單數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù) 含義
this(這個(gè)) these(這些) 指較近的人和物
that(那個(gè)) those(那些) 指較遠(yuǎn)的人和物
such (這樣的人/物) 指上文提過(guò)的人和物
same (同樣的人/物) 指和上文提過(guò)的相同的人和物
it (這人/這物) 指不太清楚是誰(shuí)或者是什么時(shí)
指示代詞既可以單獨(dú)使用做句子的主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ),也可以作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞。如：
What’s this?(這是什么?) / That model plane is made of plastic.(那只模型飛機(jī)是塑料做的)(被動(dòng)句) / Remember never to do such things.(記得永遠(yuǎn)不要做這樣的事情) / Do the same as the teacher tells you. (按老師說(shuō)的做)/ ---Who is it?(是誰(shuí)?) ---It’s me!(是我!)
6、關(guān)系代詞：用來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的代詞叫關(guān)系代詞,參見(jiàn)后面的定語(yǔ)從句。
1、關(guān)系代詞who 、which、 that 、whom 等,將定語(yǔ)從句和主句連接起來(lái)。英語(yǔ)中的關(guān)系代詞一方面在從句中擔(dān)任一定的成分,另一方面又起連接作用。
如：The student who is drawing a picture is in Grade One.(正在畫(huà)畫(huà)的學(xué)生是一年級(jí)的)
2、關(guān)系代詞who / whom指人,如果作從句的賓語(yǔ),則有時(shí)省略。如：
Do you know the man who is wearing a red hat? (你認(rèn)識(shí)那個(gè)戴著紅帽子的男人嗎?)
3、關(guān)系代詞which 指物,如果作從句的賓語(yǔ),則有時(shí)省略。如：Have you found the book which you lost several days ago?(你找到幾天前丟失的那本書(shū)了嗎?)
4、關(guān)系代詞that既可指人也可指物,如果作從句的賓語(yǔ),則有時(shí)省略。如：Can you see the man/dog that is running along the river bank ?(你看得見(jiàn)順著河跑的男人/狗了嗎?)
7、連接代詞：用來(lái)引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句、主語(yǔ)從句或表語(yǔ)從句的連接詞稱(chēng)連接代詞。
英語(yǔ)中連接代詞主要有：what(什么),who(誰(shuí)),whom(誰(shuí)),which(哪個(gè)),whose(誰(shuí)的)。詳見(jiàn)相應(yīng)從句。
8、不定代詞：代替或修飾不特指的人或事物的代詞叫不定代詞。
單數(shù)
含義 some
any no
none / / each
(every) one either,
neither so the other,
another 復(fù)合不
定代詞
不可數(shù)
含義 much little,
a little all / / / / /
復(fù)數(shù)
含義 many few,
a few ones both others,
the others
※ 注：復(fù)合不定代詞有12個(gè)：something(某事), someone(某人), somebody(某人), anything
(任何事), anyone(任何人), anybody(任何人), nothing(沒(méi)事),nobody(沒(méi)有人), no one(沒(méi)有人), everything(一切), everyone(每個(gè)人), everybody(每個(gè)人).
(1)some和 any 的用法：
some一般用于肯定句中,意思是“幾個(gè)”、“一些”、“某個(gè)”作定語(yǔ)時(shí)可修飾可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞。如：I have some work to do today. (今天我有些事情要做)/ They will go there some day.(他們有朝一日會(huì)去那兒)
some 用于疑問(wèn)句時(shí),表示建議、請(qǐng)求或希望得到肯定回答。如：Would you like some coffee with sugar?(你要加糖的咖啡嗎?)
any 一般用于疑問(wèn)句或否定句中,意思是“任何一些”、“任何一個(gè)”,作定語(yǔ)時(shí)可修飾可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞。如：They didn’t have any friends here. (他們?cè)谶@里沒(méi)有朋友)/ Have you got any questions to ask?(你有問(wèn)題要問(wèn)嗎?)
any 用于肯定句時(shí),意思是“任何的”。Come here with any friend.(隨便帶什么朋友來(lái)吧。)
(2)no和none的用法：
no是形容詞,只能作定語(yǔ)表示,意思是“沒(méi)有”,修飾可數(shù)名詞(單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù))或不可數(shù)名詞。如：There is no time left. Please hurry up.(沒(méi)有時(shí)間了,請(qǐng)快點(diǎn)) / They had no reading books to lend.(他們沒(méi)有閱讀用書(shū)可以出借)
none只能獨(dú)立使用,在句子中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ),意思是“沒(méi)有一個(gè)人(或事物)”,表示復(fù)數(shù)或單數(shù)。如：None of them is/are in the classroom.(他們當(dāng)中沒(méi)有一個(gè)在教室里)
I have many books, but none is interesting.(我有很多的書(shū),但沒(méi)有一本是有趣的)
(3)all和both的用法：
all指三者或三者以上的人或物,用來(lái)代替或修飾可數(shù)名詞;也可用來(lái)代替或修飾不可數(shù)名詞。
both指兩個(gè)人或物,用來(lái)代替或修飾可數(shù)名詞。all和both在句子中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等。如：I know all of the four British students in their school.(他們學(xué)校里四個(gè)英國(guó)學(xué)生我全認(rèn)識(shí)) / --Would you like this one or that one? ?Both.(你要這個(gè)還是那個(gè)?兩個(gè)都要。)
all和both既可以修飾名詞(all/both+(the)+名詞),也可以獨(dú)立使用,采用“all/both + of the +名詞(復(fù)數(shù))”的形式,其中的of 可以省略。如：All (of) (the) boys are naughty.(是男孩都調(diào)皮)
(4)every和each用法：
every是形容詞,只能作定語(yǔ)修飾單數(shù)名詞,意思是“每一個(gè)”,表示整體概念;
each是形容詞、代詞,可用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等,意思是“每個(gè)”或者“各個(gè)”,表示單個(gè)概念;each可以放在名詞前,可以后跟of短語(yǔ),與動(dòng)詞同時(shí)出現(xiàn)時(shí)要放在“be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞”之后或者行為動(dòng)詞之前
every和each都用作單數(shù)理解,但是下文中既可以用單數(shù)的代詞(如he/him/his)也可以用復(fù)數(shù)的代詞(如they/them/their)替代。如：Every one of the students in his class studies very hard.(他班上每個(gè)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)都很用功) / They are very busy. Each of them has something to do.(他們很忙,人人都有事干)
(5)either和neither的用法：
either意思是“兩個(gè)中間的任何一個(gè)”;neither是either的否定形式,意思是“兩個(gè)都不”。
neither和either在句子中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)等,都用作單數(shù)。如：I don’t care much for what to drink. Either of the two will do. (我不介意喝些什么,兩個(gè)之中隨便哪個(gè)都行) / --Will you go there by bus or by car? ?Neither. I will go there by train.(你坐公車(chē)去還是坐轎車(chē)去?一個(gè)都不坐,我坐火車(chē)去。)
(6)other、the other和another的用法：
other意思是“另一”、“另一些”,有復(fù)數(shù)形式。在句子中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。another意思是“另外”、“又一個(gè)”,表示增加,在句中可作賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。如：
Some girls are singing under the big apple tree and others are sitting on the grass talking.(有些女孩在大蘋(píng)果樹(shù)下唱歌,別的就躺在草地上說(shuō)話(huà)) / You have had several cakes. Do you really want another one?(你已經(jīng)吃了好幾塊餅子了,你真的還要一塊?) / I want another four books.(我還要四本書(shū))
another(另外的,再一,又一)與the other(另外的一個(gè)) 主要從數(shù)量上區(qū)分,只有兩個(gè)時(shí)用the other,在原先基礎(chǔ)上增加用another。如： This is one of your socks. Where is the other one?(這是你的一只襪子,還有一只呢?) / I have eaten 4 cakes, but I still want another.(我已經(jīng)吃了4塊蛋糕,但是我還要以塊。)
others與the others的主要區(qū)別：others指“剩余的人/物”(指大部分);the others指“其余的人/物”,(指全部)。如：A few students are playing soccer while others are watching them.(有幾個(gè)學(xué)生在踢足球,其他一些人在觀(guān)看) / Two of the ten boys are standing and the others are sitting round them.(十個(gè)男孩中有兩個(gè)站著,其他人都圍著他們坐著。)
(7)many和much的用法：
many意思是“很多”,與可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)連用;much意思是“很多”,與不可數(shù)名詞連用。它們?cè)诰渲锌勺髦髡Z(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)等。如：I don’t have many friends here.(在這里我沒(méi)有很多的朋友。) /Many died in the bus accident.(許多人在公交車(chē)禍中喪失) / We can learn much with the help of him.(在他的幫助之下我們能學(xué)到很多)
many和much一般用于否定句,肯定句中通常用a lot of 或者lots of; many / much用于肯定句時(shí)可以在前面加上so、very或too.如： There are a lot of people on the playground.(操場(chǎng)上有許多的人)/ They haven’t got much work to do.(他們沒(méi)有多少事情可做) / There are too many people in the room.(房間里人太多了。)
(8)few、little、a few、a little的用法：
few、little意思是“很少幾個(gè)”、“幾乎沒(méi)有”,有否定的意思,a few、a little意思是“有幾個(gè)”、“有些”,有肯定的意思 ;few、a few與可數(shù)名詞連用或代替可數(shù)的事物, little、a little與不可數(shù)名詞連用或代替不可數(shù)的事物。它們?cè)诰渲锌勺髦髡Z(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。如：
He is very poor and he has little money.(他很窮,幾乎沒(méi)有什么錢(qián)。) / Don’t worry. There is still a little time left.(別著急,還有一點(diǎn)兒時(shí)間呢。) / In that polar region there live few people.(在那個(gè)極地地區(qū)幾乎不住人) / You can get a few sweets from him.(你可以從他那兒弄到一些糖果)
(9)復(fù)合不定代詞somebody ,something ,anything, nothing ,everything, everybody等是由some , any ,no ,every, 加上body, thing 構(gòu)成的,叫做復(fù)合不定代詞,在句子中當(dāng)單數(shù)使用。
somebody, something, someone 一般用于肯定句中;anything, anybody,anyone一般用于疑問(wèn)句、否定句和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中。修飾復(fù)合不定代詞的定語(yǔ),應(yīng)放在它們的后面。如：Hey,Lily. There is someone outside the door.(嗨,麗麗,門(mén)外有人。) /Di(每個(gè)人)d you meet anyone when you came to school last Sunday?(上個(gè)星期天你來(lái)學(xué)校時(shí)見(jiàn)到什么人了嗎?)/He has nothing much to do today.(他今天沒(méi)有多少事情做)
(10)one與ones用來(lái)代替上文的一個(gè)或多個(gè)人或事物,前面可以加冠詞、形容詞、指示代詞、which等。如： Which jacket would you like, this one or that one?(你要哪件夾克,這件還是那件? / I don’t like the green ones.(我不喜歡綠色的那些)
(11)so可以代替一件事情,作句子的賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。如： I don’t think so.(我認(rèn)為不是這樣的。) / He lost a book. So did I.(他丟失了一本書(shū),我也是。)
(12)a lot of、lots of、a number of( /large numbers of)、a great deal of、plenty of的區(qū)別：五個(gè)“名詞+介詞”短語(yǔ)都表示“大量,許多”,a lot of(或lots of)既可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞也可以修飾可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,可以相應(yīng)地?fù)Q為much和many;plenty of“足夠、大量”,既可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞也可以修飾可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。a number of / large numbers of只可以修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式(它修飾的詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式)可以換為some、many、a lot of、plenty of。 a great deal of只可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞(它修飾的詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式)可以換為much。
如：A lot of people think that time is money.(許多的人認(rèn)為時(shí)間就是金錢(qián)。) / I don’t have to do it in a hurry because I have plenty of time.(我用不著趕忙,因?yàn)槲矣谐渥愕臅r(shí)間。) / I have a number of letters to write today.(今天我有好多信要寫(xiě)) / I spend a great deal of time/money on shopping.(在購(gòu)物方面我花費(fèi)了大量的時(shí)間/金錢(qián)。)
(13)none、no one、nobody的區(qū)別：no one和nobody都表示“沒(méi)有人”,僅指人,后面不跟of 短語(yǔ),作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式;none表示“沒(méi)有一個(gè)人/物”,可指人也可以指物,后面可跟of短語(yǔ),作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)可用單數(shù)也可用復(fù)數(shù)。如：No one knows how he managed to get the ticket.(沒(méi)有人知道他是怎樣搞到那張票的) / Nobody handed in his/their composition(s) yesterday.(昨天沒(méi)有一個(gè)人交作文。) / None of my friends came to see me that day.(那天沒(méi)有一個(gè)朋友來(lái)看我。)
9、相互代詞：表示相互關(guān)系的詞叫相互代詞。
each other ,one another是相互代詞,譯成“互相”,可以通用。each other表示兩者之間,而one anther表示許多人之間。它們有所有格形式each other’s ,one another’s。如： We must help each other when we are in trouble.(我們身處困境時(shí)要互相幫助。) / They sat there without talking to one another / each other.(他們坐在那兒,互相都不說(shuō)話(huà)。)
10、疑問(wèn)代詞：用來(lái)提出問(wèn)題的代詞稱(chēng)為疑問(wèn)代詞。
1、who、whom、whose、what、which、whoever、whatever、whichever主要用于特殊疑問(wèn)句中,一般放在句首。口語(yǔ)中也常用who代替whom作賓語(yǔ),但在介詞后則只能用whom。如：
Who(m) did you invite to your birthday party?(你都邀請(qǐng)了誰(shuí)參加你的生日聚會(huì)的?) / What does she want to be when she grows up?(她長(zhǎng)大了想干什么?)
2、who 和whom只能獨(dú)立使用,其中who可以作句子的主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ),whom只能作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ);而what、which、whose等既可以獨(dú)立使用作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ),也可以與名詞構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)短語(yǔ)。如： Who is that man?(那男的是誰(shuí)?) / What colour are their hats?(他們的帽子是什么顏色?) / Which car was made in Germany?(哪輛車(chē)是德國(guó)造的?)(被動(dòng)句)
注意這個(gè)提問(wèn)：The man in the car is my father.(車(chē)?yán)锏哪腥耸俏腋赣H)
→Which man is your father?(哪個(gè)男人是你的父親?)
3、which除了可以詢(xún)問(wèn)指代的情況之外,還可以針對(duì)說(shuō)明人物的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、歲數(shù)、顏色、大小、狀況等進(jìn)行提問(wèn)。如：People there live a very sad life.(那里的人生活凄慘) →Which people live a sad life? (哪些人生活凄慘?)/ --Which hotel have you booked for your holiday?(為了度假你預(yù)訂了哪家旅館?)—The biggest one in Haikou.(海口最大的那家旅館)
4、疑問(wèn)代詞不分單復(fù)數(shù),視它所替代的人或事物決定單復(fù)數(shù),但是通常用單數(shù);如果修飾名詞,則以名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)為準(zhǔn)。如：Who is (are) in that playhouse?(誰(shuí)在游戲房里?) / What is that? (那是什么?)/ What are those? (那些是什么?) / What colours do they have?(它們有哪些顏色?)
四、數(shù)詞：
1、分類(lèi)：數(shù)詞有基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞兩種。英語(yǔ)的數(shù)詞可以作句子的主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。
2、基數(shù)詞：表示數(shù)目的詞叫基數(shù)詞。
1、 英語(yǔ)中常用的基數(shù)詞有：
2、[注]：(1)百位與十位之間要加and;十萬(wàn)位和萬(wàn)位,億位和千萬(wàn)位之間通常也要加and。
(2)英語(yǔ)用千、百萬(wàn)等單位計(jì)數(shù),大數(shù)字從右向左看, 每隔三位劃一逗號(hào),倒數(shù)第一個(gè)逗號(hào)之前要用thousand,倒數(shù)第二個(gè)逗號(hào)之前要用million,倒數(shù)第三的逗號(hào)之前要用billion表示。
(3) hundred、 thousand、 million作數(shù)詞時(shí),不用復(fù)數(shù),前面可以加上one, two, …等其它數(shù)詞。用作名詞時(shí)復(fù)數(shù)表示“成…上…”,后面必須要有of,前面可以加上some,many,several等詞。如：five hundred(五百), hundreds of(成百上千的), ten thousand(一萬(wàn)), thousands of(成千上萬(wàn)的), millions of(成百萬(wàn)的)
3、序數(shù)詞：表示順序的數(shù)詞叫序數(shù)詞。
1、 英語(yǔ)的序數(shù)詞基本變法：
(1) 一般在基數(shù)詞后加th,(2)-ve結(jié)尾的改為-fth,(3)-ty結(jié)尾的改為-tieth,(4)熟記特殊詞。
2、序數(shù)詞如下：1000th→one thousandth, 1000000th →one millionth., 第703→the seven hundred and third,
第5480→the five thousand four hundred and eightieth.
3、注：(1)兩位以上的序數(shù)詞僅個(gè)位數(shù)部分用序數(shù)詞,其余部分仍用基數(shù)詞。如：thirty-sixth,
(2) 使用序數(shù)詞時(shí)一般加定冠詞the. 如：I’m in the third grade.
(3) 序數(shù)詞作“幾分之幾”講時(shí),有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：1/5→one fifth ; 2/3→ two thirds ; 4/7→ four sevenths ; 1/2→ a half ; 1/4→a quarter ; 3/4→ three quarters ; 50%→ fifty hundredths ( fifty per cent).
4、數(shù)詞的用法：
1、表示年份：2002: twenty thousand and two ; 1976 : nineteen seventy-six.
2、表示日期： 12月1日: Dec.1st或the first of December;2002年11月8日: Nov. 8th, 2002.
3、表示時(shí)刻： 5：15→ five fifteen或a quarter past five ; 8：30→ eight thirty或half past eight ; 10：45→ ten forty-five或a quarter to eleven.
4、表示編號(hào)：Room 105→Room one 0 five; Bus No.13→Bus Number Thirteen; P.5→Page Five; Tel.No.7658659→Telephone Number seven-six-five-eight-six-five-nine
5、小數(shù)的讀法：5.7→ five point seven, 0.16 →zero point one six.
6、“半”的表達(dá)： 1/2→half, 半小時(shí)→half an hour, 1.5小時(shí)→one and a half hours或one hour and a half.
7、序數(shù)詞前面加the時(shí),表示順序,加a/an時(shí)表示“再一、又一”。如：The third lesson is rather difficult.(第三課相當(dāng)難)/ Shall we read the text a third time?(我們把課文讀第三遍,好嗎?)
五、冠詞
1、冠詞分類(lèi)及讀法：英語(yǔ)中冠詞有不定冠詞和定冠詞兩種,常放在名詞的前面,用來(lái)限定名詞的意義,起泛指或特指的作用。
定冠詞the讀法：?jiǎn)为?dú)念時(shí)讀[Ti:],在句子中常發(fā)[Ti ](元音之前)或者[T[](輔音之前);
不定冠詞a/an的讀法：?jiǎn)为?dú)念時(shí)讀 [ei ]/[An ];在句子中常發(fā) [[]/[[n]。
2、不定冠詞a / an的用法：
不定冠詞a / an用在單數(shù)名詞的前面,a用在輔音開(kāi)頭的詞前面; an用在元音開(kāi)頭的詞的前面。
不定冠詞的基本用法：
(1) 表示某一個(gè)人或東西,但不具體說(shuō)明何人或何物。如：There is a dog lying on the ground.(有一只狗躺在地上。)
(2) 表示某類(lèi)人或事物,以區(qū)別于其他種類(lèi)。如：A elephant is much stronger than a man.(大象比人強(qiáng)壯多了。)(不能譯為：一頭大象比一個(gè)人強(qiáng)壯。)
(2) 表示某類(lèi)人或事物中的任何一個(gè)。如：He is a teacher of English.(他是英語(yǔ)教師。)
(4) 表示“一”這個(gè)數(shù)量。如：There is a table and four chairs in that dining-room.(在那個(gè)餐廳里有一張桌子和四把椅子。)
(5) 幾個(gè)用不定冠詞的習(xí)語(yǔ)：a bit(一點(diǎn)), a little(一點(diǎn)), a few(幾個(gè)), a lot (許多), a kind of(一種), a pair of(一副、一雙), a number of(大量的), a piece of (一張、一片), half an hour(半小時(shí)), have a good time(玩得開(kāi)心), have a cold(感冒), make a noise(發(fā)出嘈雜聲), have/take a (rest等)(休息)一會(huì)兒,等等。
3、定冠詞the的用法：定冠詞the用在可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù)的名詞前面。
定冠詞的基本用法：
(1) 表示特指的人或事物。如：The man with a flower in his hand is Jack..(手上拿著一朵花的男人是杰克)
(2) 指談話(huà)雙方都熟悉的人或事物。如：Look at the blackboard,Lily.(莉莉,請(qǐng)看黑板。)
(3) 復(fù)述前面提到過(guò)的人或事物。如：There is a man under the tree. The man is called Robert.(樹(shù)下有個(gè)人, 那個(gè)人叫羅伯特。)
(4) 表示世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物。如：The earth turns around the sun.(地球繞太陽(yáng)旋轉(zhuǎn)。)
(5) 用在表示方位的名詞前面。如：There will be strong wind to the south of the Yangtze River.(長(zhǎng)江以南地 區(qū)將會(huì)刮大風(fēng)。)
(6) 在序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級(jí)的前面。如：Who is the first one to go?(誰(shuí)第一個(gè)去?) / Of all the stars, the sun is the nearest to the earth.(在所有的恒星之中太陽(yáng)離地球最近)
(7) 常用在樂(lè)器名稱(chēng)的前面。如：He began to play the violin at the age of 5.(五歲時(shí)他開(kāi)始拉小提琴)
(8) 用在江河、海洋、山脈等名稱(chēng)的前面。如：I have never been to the Himalaya Mountains.(我從來(lái)沒(méi)有去過(guò)喜馬拉雅山)
(9) 用在含有普通名詞的專(zhuān)有名詞的前面。如：He is from the United States of America.(他來(lái)自美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó))
(10)用在姓氏之前表示一家人。如：The Greens are going to Mount Emei next month.(下個(gè)月格林一家要去峨眉山)
(11)same之前一般用the。如：Lucy and Lily look the same.(露西和莉莉看上去長(zhǎng)得一樣)
(12)幾個(gè)用定冠詞的習(xí)語(yǔ)：at the same time (與此同時(shí)),make the bed(鋪床),in the end(最后),all the time(一直),by the way(順便說(shuō)一下),on the way(在路上)等等。
4、一些不用冠詞的情況：
(1) 專(zhuān)有名詞和(第一次使用)一些不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)前面通常不用。如：China is a very large country.(中國(guó)是個(gè)大國(guó)) / Man needs air and water.(人類(lèi)需要空氣和水)
(2) 名詞前已有指示、物主或不定代詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)不用。如：My pen is much more expensive than yours.(我的鋼筆比你的昂貴多了)
(3) 周名,月名或季節(jié)名前一般不用。如：He was born on Monday, February 18,1995.(他出生在1995年二月十八日,星期一) / They usually plant trees on the hills in spring.(春天他們通常在山上植樹(shù))
(4) (第一次使用)復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示人或事物的類(lèi)別時(shí)不用。如：Men are cleverer than monkeys.(人比猴子聰明)
(5) 三餐飯前不用。如：We have breakfast at home and lunch at school.(我們?cè)诩页栽顼?在校吃午飯)
(6) 節(jié)、假日前一般不用。如：On Children’s Day the boys often get presents from their parents.(在兒童節(jié),這些男孩經(jīng)常得到父母的禮物)
(7) 球類(lèi)名詞前不用。如：The children play football on Saturday afternoons.(孩子們星期六下午踢足球)
(8) 城市的重要/主要建筑物名稱(chēng)前不用。如：They are now at People’s Cinema.(他們此刻在人民電影院)
(9) 一些習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)中不用。如：⑴ at / to / from / out of / after / for school; ⑵ in / to / for / after class; ⑶in / to / out of / into bed; ⑷ after / at/ from / out of / to work; ⑸ at / to sea; ⑹ in / from / down / to town; ⑺ at / from home; ⑻ at / for / to breakfast/lunch/supper; ⑼ at night/noon/midnight; ⑽ on foot; ⑾ go to school/bed; ⑿ on top of; ⒀ in front of; ⒁ on show/display/duty/watch; ⒂ in / out of hospital; ⒃ at all; ⒄ on/in time; ⒅ at first/last/once; ⒆ in Chinese/English,etc.; ⒇ take care of
六、形容詞、副詞：
1、形容詞：用來(lái)說(shuō)明或修飾名詞、代詞的詞稱(chēng)為形容詞。
1、形容詞的句法作用：作句子中名詞的定語(yǔ)、句子的表語(yǔ)以及賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
2、形容詞在句子中的位置：
⑴作定語(yǔ)時(shí)放在名詞的前面,且音節(jié)少的詞放在音節(jié)多的詞之前。如：a big yellow wooden wheel(一個(gè)黃色的大木輪)
⑵作表語(yǔ)時(shí)放在連系動(dòng)詞之后。如：The price sounds reasonable.(這個(gè)價(jià)格聽(tīng)起來(lái)算是合理)
⑶作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)放在賓語(yǔ)之后。如：We must try our best to keep our environment clean.(我們必須盡力保持我們的環(huán)境清潔)
⑷后置的情況：
①修飾復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)放在代詞之后。如：Something serious has happened to him.(他發(fā)生了嚴(yán)重的事故)
②與表示“長(zhǎng)、寬、高、重、老、遠(yuǎn)離”的詞連用時(shí)形容詞后置。如：He’s 1.8 metres tall.(他身高1.8米。)The moon is about 380,000 kilometres away from the earth.(月球離地38萬(wàn)公里)
3、有關(guān)形容詞的用法辨析：
⑴ whole與all：記住兩個(gè)詞序：① the whole + 名詞; ②all (of) the + 名詞。如：He was busy the whole morning.(整個(gè)早晨他都很忙) / He can remember all the words he learns.(他能記住學(xué)過(guò)的所有單詞)
⑵ tall與high, short與low：指人的個(gè)子時(shí)用tall與short;指其他事物時(shí)一般用high與low。如：He’s very tall/short.(他個(gè)子高/矮) / Tall trees are standing on both sides of that avenue.(大道的兩側(cè)有高大的樹(shù)木) / A few people live on high mountains.(少量的人住在高山上)
⑶ real與true：real一般指東西的真假,譯為“真的”;而true則指事情或消息的可靠性,譯為“真實(shí)的”。如：This is a real diamond(鉆石) and it’s very expensive.(這是貨真價(jià)實(shí)的鉆石,非常貴) / --Is that true?—Yes. I heard it with my own ears.(那真實(shí)嗎? 是的,我親耳所聽(tīng))
⑷ interested與interesting的區(qū)別：interesting指人或東西“有趣的”,作定語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ),而interested則表示人對(duì)別的事物“感興趣的”,只能作表語(yǔ)。如：The man is very interesting and all the children like him. (這個(gè)人很有趣,孩子們都喜歡他)/ This book is interesting and you can really enjoy yourself.(這本書(shū)很有趣,你會(huì)真正獲得享受) / I am interested in science.(我對(duì)自然科學(xué)感興趣)
⑸ such用法： such + a(n) + 名詞(單數(shù))(+that從句)。如：I have never seen such a foolish(愚蠢的) boy.(我從來(lái)沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)這么蠢的男孩) / He had such a terrible accident that he could never forget it.(他遭遇了這么可怕的事故,他永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)忘記)
⑹ good與well：表示“好”時(shí),作定語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)用good,作狀語(yǔ)用well;表示“(身體)好”時(shí)用well.如：Doing sports is good for us.(進(jìn)行運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)我們有益) / Study well and make progress every day.(好好學(xué)習(xí),天天向上) / --How are you?—I am very well.(你好嗎?我很好。)
⑺ nice與fine：的區(qū)別：nice表示令人愉快的,可以指東西、人物外表等;fine一般指身體或天氣好。如：Let’s go and share(分享) the nice cake.(我們?nèi)シ窒砟菈K美味的蛋糕吧) / She is a nice girl.(他是個(gè)漂亮的姑娘) / What a fine day!(多好的天氣!) /He’s fine recently(最近).(近來(lái)他身體不錯(cuò))
⑻ too much與much too：too much表示“太多的”,修飾事物數(shù)量;much too表示“太過(guò),過(guò)分”,修飾形容詞或副詞。如：I am full because I have had too much rice.(我飽了,因?yàn)槲页粤颂嗟拿罪? / That coat is much too dear.(那件大衣太貴了)
⑼ quick、fast與soon：quick與fast基本同義,quick往往指反應(yīng)速度快,fast往往指運(yùn)動(dòng)速度快,而soon則表示時(shí)間上很快即將發(fā)生。如：After a quick breakfast, he hurried to school leaving his bag at home.(匆匆地吃過(guò)早飯,他朝學(xué)校趕去,卻把書(shū)包忘記在家) / A train is much faster than a bus.(火車(chē)比公共汽車(chē)快得多) / His father will be back to China very soon.(他父親很快就要返回中國(guó))
⑽lonely與alone：lonely是表示心理活動(dòng)的形容詞,意思是：“孤獨(dú)的,寂寞的”,作定語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ);alone的意思是：“獨(dú)自的,單獨(dú)的”,指無(wú)人陪伴,僅作表語(yǔ),(作為副詞的alone可作狀語(yǔ))。如：He lives alone but he doesn’t feel lonely.(他一人獨(dú)住,但是并不感到孤獨(dú))/ He is a lonely person. You can not easily get on well with him.(他是個(gè)孤獨(dú)的人,你要和他相處好實(shí)在不易)
⑾ other與else的區(qū)別：兩個(gè)詞都可以作形容詞,但是用法不同,other放在名詞前;else修飾不定代詞、疑問(wèn)詞、little、much,后置,另外,or else表示“否則”,是連詞。如：The other students are on the playground.(其他學(xué)生在操場(chǎng)上) / Who else can work out this maths problem?(還有誰(shuí)能解出著道數(shù)學(xué)題?) / This is nobody else’s money. It’s mine.(這不是別的什么人的錢(qián),是我的。) / Do you have anything else to say for yourself?(你還有什么要為自己說(shuō)的嗎?
⑿ special與especial的區(qū)別：表示事件不同尋常、過(guò)分或特殊時(shí),兩個(gè)詞可互換,但special較為常用。另外,special還可以表示特別的目的。如： She pays (e)special attention to clothes.(她非常注重著裝) / These are special chairs for small children.(這些是專(zhuān)門(mén)給小孩子的椅子)
⒀ gone、lost、missing的區(qū)別：gone表示“丟了,沒(méi)了”,含一去不復(fù)返的意思,也可以表示“死了”,作表語(yǔ)或賓補(bǔ),不可以作定語(yǔ);lost表示“丟失”,含難以找回的意思,可作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或賓補(bǔ);missing表示“失蹤了,不見(jiàn)了”,強(qiáng)調(diào)某人物不在原處,可作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或賓補(bǔ)。如：My fever(高燒) is gone, but I still have a cough.(發(fā)燒消退了,但我仍然咳嗽) / The parents found the lost child at last.(家長(zhǎng)終于找到了迷路的孩子) / My dictionary is missing.Who’s taken it away?(我的字典不見(jiàn)了,誰(shuí)拿走了?) / For more detailed information(詳情) of the missing girls, please visit our website(網(wǎng)址).(如果想知道失蹤女孩們的詳情,請(qǐng)?jiān)L問(wèn)我們的網(wǎng)站)
⒁ living、alive、live、lively的區(qū)別：四個(gè)詞都來(lái)源于動(dòng)詞live“生活、居住”。
living讀[‘liviN]有三個(gè)意思：①“活著的、現(xiàn)存的”,作表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ),②“一模一樣的、逼真的”,③相當(dāng)于lively,意思是“強(qiáng)烈的、活潑的”;
live讀[laiv],指東西“活的”,可以替換為living;
alive讀[[‘laiv]作表語(yǔ),指人“活著的”,如果作定語(yǔ),則放在名詞的后面;
lively讀[‘laivli]有三個(gè)意思：①有生氣的、活潑的、快活的,②(色彩)鮮艷的,③生動(dòng)的、真實(shí)的。
例如：A living language should be learned orally(口頭上).(活的語(yǔ)言應(yīng)該從口頭上學(xué))(被動(dòng)句) / We have a living hope that you will succeed.(我們強(qiáng)烈地希望你能成功) / Is she still alive?(她還活著嗎?) / They are the happiest children alive.(他們是活著的最開(kāi)心的孩子) / This is a live fish.(這是條活魚(yú)) / A live wire(電線(xiàn)) is dangerous.(有電的電線(xiàn)是危險(xiǎn)的) / She is as lively as a kitten(小貓).(她像小貓一樣可愛(ài)) / He gave a lively description of the football match.(他生動(dòng)地描述了那場(chǎng)足球賽)
⒂ sick與ill區(qū)別：sick和ill都表示“生病的”,但是,sick可以做定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ),而ill只能做表語(yǔ)。如：He has been ill/sick for a long time and he is very weak now.(他病了很久,現(xiàn)在非常虛弱) / Vets help treat sick pets and most of the pets’ owners like them.(獸醫(yī)幫助診治患病的寵物,很受寵物主人們的喜愛(ài))
⒃ the poor(窮人們) / the rich(富人們)等用法：“the+形容詞”這一結(jié)構(gòu)可以表示一類(lèi)人物,復(fù)數(shù)含義。如：We must try our best to help the poor.(我們應(yīng)該盡力幫助窮人們) / The rich never know how the poor are living.(有錢(qián)人哪知窮人怎么過(guò)日子)
2、副詞：用來(lái)說(shuō)明事情發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、方式等含義或說(shuō)明其它形容詞或副詞程度的詞叫做副詞。
1、副詞的分類(lèi)：(見(jiàn)下表)
時(shí) 間 副 詞 頻度副詞 地點(diǎn)/方位副詞 程度副詞 方式副詞 疑問(wèn)/連接副詞 其他副詞
today, tomorrow, once, here, there, very, too, well, how, too, also,
yesterday, now, twice, home, below, enough, hard, where, nor, so,
then, early, late, always, anywhere, rather, quite, alone, when, as, on,off,
once, soon, just, usually, above, outside, how, so, fast, why, either,
tonight, long, often, in, inside, out, much, just, together, whether yes, no,
already, yet, before, sometimes, back, up, down, nearly, only suddenly, however, etc. not, neither
ago, later, ever since never, away, off, far, almost, hardly, -ly結(jié)尾 關(guān)系副詞 maybe,
after, whenever (seldom), near, nearby, as long as等, 的副詞 where, perhaps,
first, someday, ever, wherever even, all, why, how certainly,
sometime, last, everywhere, a little, a bit when,
2、副詞在句子中的位置以及作用：
⑴作狀語(yǔ)：
① 時(shí)間副詞：一般放在句首或句尾,注意,early、late、before、later、yet等一般放在句尾,already、just一般放在動(dòng)詞的前面。如：We will visit the Great Wall tomorrow.(我們明天要去參觀(guān)長(zhǎng)城) / They have already been to the UK twice.(他們?nèi)ミ^(guò)英王國(guó)兩次) / Soon the lost boy found his way back home.(不久迷路的孩子找到了回家的路)
② 頻度副詞：一般放在be動(dòng)詞之后或者助動(dòng)詞與主要?jiǎng)釉~之間,但sometimes、often等還可以放在句首或句尾,usually可放在句首,once可放在句尾,twice、three times等一般放在句尾。如：Sometimes I get up early.(我有時(shí)起得早)/ The workers usually have lunch at the factory.(工人們通常在廠(chǎng)里吃午飯) / Take this medicine twice a day.(這種藥一天吃?xún)纱?
③ 方式副詞：一般放在行為動(dòng)之后,suddenly可以放在句首、句尾或動(dòng)詞之前。如：Old people can hardly walk as quickly as young people.(老年人幾乎不可能走得和年輕人一樣快) / Suddenly he saw a light in the dark cave(山洞).(突然,在黑黢黢的山洞里,他看見(jiàn)了一絲亮光)
④ 地點(diǎn)副詞：一般放在句尾,但here、there還可放在句首。如：There you can see thousands of bikes running in all directions(方向).(在那里,你可以看到成千上萬(wàn)的自行車(chē)朝各個(gè)方向流動(dòng)) / The frightened wolf ran away.(受到驚嚇的狼逃開(kāi)了)/ He walked out quietly and turned back soon.(他悄悄地走了出去,很快又返回)
⑤ 程度副詞：修飾動(dòng)詞時(shí),放在動(dòng)詞之前;修飾形容詞或副詞時(shí),放在形容詞或副詞之前。但注意,enough總是放在被修飾的形容詞或動(dòng)詞的后面;only位置比較靈活,總是放在被修飾的詞的前面。如：I nearly forgot all about it if he did not tell me again.(如果他不再次告訴我,我?guī)缀醢涯鞘氯? / It was so strange that I could hardly believe my ears.(它那么奇怪一直我都不能相信我的耳朵) / She got to the station early enough to catch the first bus.(她早早地趕到車(chē)站趕上了首班車(chē))
⑥ 疑問(wèn)副詞：用于對(duì)句子的狀語(yǔ)進(jìn)行提問(wèn),位置總是在句首。如：When and where were you born?(你何時(shí)何地出生?)/ Why did little Edison sit on some eggs?(小愛(ài)迪生為什么要坐在雞蛋上?)/ How do you do?(你好!)
⑦ 連接副詞：用來(lái)引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句,在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。How I am going to kill the cat is still a question.(我打算怎樣殺死那只貓還是個(gè)問(wèn)題)/ That is why everyone is afraid of the tiger.(那就是人人都害怕老虎的原因) / He wondered how he could do it the next day.(他不知道第二天怎樣做那事)
⑧ 關(guān)系副詞：用來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。如：This is the place where Mr Zhang once lived.(這就是張先生曾經(jīng)住過(guò)的地方)/ Please tell me the way how you have learned English so well.(請(qǐng)告訴我你的英語(yǔ)是怎樣學(xué)得這么好的方法)
⑨ 其它副詞：too“也”,用在句尾;also放在動(dòng)詞前;either “也不”,放在句尾;nor“也不”,放在句首;so“如此,這樣”,放在形容詞、副詞前;on/off“開(kāi)/關(guān)”放在動(dòng)詞之后;not放在be之后、助動(dòng)詞之后、不定式或動(dòng)名詞之前;maybe/perhaps放在句首;certainly放在句首或動(dòng)詞之前。如：He went to the Palace Museum and I went there,too.(他去了故宮博物院,我也去了) / Maybe your ticket is in your inside pocket.(也許你的票就在你的里邊衣袋里) / --Tom doesn’t have a computer. ?Nor do I.(湯姆沒(méi)有計(jì)算機(jī),我也沒(méi)有。)
(2)作表語(yǔ)：地點(diǎn)副詞一般可以作表語(yǔ),放在be等連系動(dòng)詞之后,說(shuō)明人物所處的位置。如：I’m very sorry he isn’t in at the moment.(很抱歉,他此刻不在家)/ I have been away from my hometown for nearly 20 years.(我離開(kāi)家鄉(xiāng)有將近20年了) / Jim is over there.(吉姆就在那邊)
(3)作定語(yǔ)：時(shí)間副詞(如now、then)以及許多地點(diǎn)副詞都可以作名詞的定語(yǔ),放在名詞的后面。如：People now often have their festival dinners at restaurants.(現(xiàn)在的人們經(jīng)常在餐館里吃節(jié)日晚宴) / Women there were living a terrible life in the 1920s.(在二十世紀(jì)20年代那兒的女人過(guò)著可怕的日子)
(4)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：地點(diǎn)副詞一般可以作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如：Put your dirty socks away, Jim! They are giving out bad smell!(吉姆,把你的臟襪子拿開(kāi)!它們?cè)谏l(fā)著臭氣。) / Father kept him in and doing his lessons.(父親把他關(guān)在家里做作業(yè))
[注意] “動(dòng)詞+副詞”的賓語(yǔ)如果是代詞,則該副詞應(yīng)該放在代詞之后。如：He wrote down the word.(他寫(xiě)下了那個(gè)詞。)→He wrote it down.(他把它寫(xiě)了下來(lái)。)
3、有關(guān)副詞的重要注釋?zhuān)?/p>
⑴ as…as…常構(gòu)成一些詞組：as soon as…(一旦…就…), as well as…(同樣), as+形容詞/副詞+as possible(盡可能……地)。如：Please ring me up as soon as you get to Beijing.(請(qǐng)你一到北京就給我寫(xiě)信。)/ Miss Gao hurried to the school gate as quickly as possible.(高小姐盡快地趕到了校門(mén)口。)
[注釋] “as long / much as + 名詞”可以表示“長(zhǎng)達(dá)/多達(dá)…”的含義。如：The house costs as much as five hundred thousand yuan.(那幢房子花費(fèi)高達(dá)50萬(wàn)元。)/ They stayed in the cave(山洞)as long as two weeks.(他們呆在山洞里長(zhǎng)達(dá)兩周。)
⑵ later、after、ago、before的用法：①“一段時(shí)間+later/ago”分別表示“(多久)以后/以前”,主要用于過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。②“after/before+某個(gè)時(shí)刻”分別表示“在某時(shí)刻之后/之前”,此時(shí)兩個(gè)詞是介詞。③ago與before：ago只能用于過(guò)去時(shí),before用于完成時(shí)。如：He had an accident a week ago.(一周前出了一個(gè)事故)/ Some years later, the boy became a very famous singer.(數(shù)年后這個(gè)男孩成了著名的歌唱家)/ Have you been there before?(你從前到過(guò)那兒?jiǎn)?)/ After a few years he gave up smoking.(過(guò)了幾年他戒了煙。)
⑶ above、below、over、under的用法：在上下方用above和below,在高低處用over和under.如：The stars are high above in the sky.(星星高掛在空中) / A plane flew over quickly.(一架飛機(jī)從頭頂飛過(guò)。)
當(dāng)above、below、over、under是介詞性質(zhì)時(shí),意義相似。
⑷ too、also、either、nor的用法：too(“也”)用于肯定句和疑問(wèn)句的末尾,且用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi);also(“也”)用于肯定句句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前;either(“也”)用于否定句末尾,也用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi);nor(“也不”)用于倒裝句句首;如：Are you American,too?(你也是美國(guó)人嗎?)/ He is not happy and I am not happy, either.(他不愉快,我也不。) / He didn’t watch the football game. Nor did I.(他沒(méi)有看足球賽,我也沒(méi)有。)/ You can also find the market is very good.(你還可以發(fā)覺(jué)那個(gè)市場(chǎng)很好。)
⑸ enough、too、so、very、quite、very much的用法： enough (“足夠,十分”)放在形容詞或副詞之后;too(“太”)、very(“非常”)、quite(“相當(dāng)”)、so(“如此地”)等放在形容詞或副詞之前,very much(“非常”)放在動(dòng)詞之后。如：It’s too/so/very/quite expensive.(它太貴/那么貴/非常貴/相當(dāng)貴。)/ I don’t like sweets very much.(我不很喜歡糖果)
[注意] very與 much的區(qū)別：very修飾形容詞、副詞的原級(jí)和現(xiàn)在分詞形容詞,much修飾形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí);much還可以修飾疑問(wèn)句和否定句中的動(dòng)詞,very不可以。如：He is very stupid.(他很笨)/ The film was very moving and everyone swept.(電影非常動(dòng)人,大家都哭了)/ You must work much harder or you will fail to enter the good school.(你得學(xué)習(xí)更努力,不然你考不進(jìn)那所好學(xué)校)/ I don’t like him much.(我不太喜歡他)
⑹ sometimes、 sometime、 some times 、some time的用法：sometimes(有時(shí))用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、 sometime(在將來(lái)某時(shí))用于將來(lái)時(shí)、 some times(數(shù)次)表示次數(shù)、some time(一些時(shí)間)表示一段時(shí)間。如：Sometimes they go hiking in the mountains.(他們有時(shí)徒步旅行到山里去)/ I will stay here some time.(我會(huì)在這兒呆些時(shí)候的。)/ I will meet your father sometime.(我什么時(shí)候要見(jiàn)見(jiàn)你的父親。)
⑺ how、what用于感嘆句的用法：對(duì)句子中的形容詞或副詞感嘆時(shí)用how,對(duì)人或事物(可能含有形容詞作修飾語(yǔ))進(jìn)行感嘆用what. 如：What a fine day (it is) today!(今天天氣真好!) / How difficult (the problem is)!((問(wèn)題)真難呀!)
⑻ already、yet的用法：在完成時(shí)中,already一般用于肯定句,yet一般用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句。如：Have you done it already?(你已經(jīng)做好了?) / I have not had my breakfast yet.(我還沒(méi)有吃早飯呢。)
⑼ hard與hardly的用法：hard作為副詞意思是：“努力地,猛烈地”,hardly是否定詞,意思是：“幾乎不”,一般與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can/could連用。如：They study English very hard.(他們英語(yǔ)學(xué)得很刻苦)/ You can hardly see a person spit in a public place.(在公共場(chǎng)所你幾乎看不到一個(gè)人隨地吐痰)
⑽ like...very much、like...better(=prefer)、like...best的用法：三個(gè)短語(yǔ)分別表示“非常喜歡”、“更喜歡”、“最喜歡”。如：I like baseball very much.(我非常喜歡棒球)/ Do you like butter better than cheese?( / They like hamburgers best.
⑾“quite/what+a+形容詞+名詞”的用法：記住：①quite/such/what...+a+形容詞+名詞;②too/so/how+形容詞+a+名詞;③rather+a+形容詞+名詞 = a+ rather+形容詞+名詞。如：I have never seen such a strange guy(家伙).(我從未見(jiàn)過(guò)這樣奇怪的家伙) / It is quite a nice day for a walk.(這真是散步的好日子)
⑿ how 的幾個(gè)短語(yǔ)：how often“多常,每隔多久”,用于一般時(shí)態(tài),對(duì)表示頻度的詞語(yǔ)進(jìn)行提問(wèn); how soon“多久以后”,用于將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài); how long“多久”,用于過(guò)去時(shí)、完成時(shí)或其他時(shí)態(tài); how many times“多少次”,用于過(guò)去時(shí)或完成時(shí),對(duì)總計(jì)次數(shù)進(jìn)行提問(wèn); how much“多么,多少”,對(duì)程度進(jìn)行提問(wèn),也可以對(duì)數(shù)量(不可數(shù))或金錢(qián)進(jìn)行提問(wèn)。如：How long have you been like this?(你這樣已經(jīng)多久了?)/ How often does he wash his face?(他每隔多久洗一次臉?)
⒀ much、more與most的用法：這三個(gè)詞除了是形容詞作名詞的修飾語(yǔ)之外,還是程度副詞,much表示“很”,修飾原級(jí)形/副,more表示“更”用來(lái)構(gòu)成多音節(jié)形/副的比較級(jí),most表示“最”用來(lái)構(gòu)成多音節(jié)形/副的最高級(jí)。此外,much也可以修飾比較級(jí)形/副。如：This park is much more beautiful than that one.(這個(gè)公園比那個(gè)漂亮多了)/ It is the most instructive film I have ever seen.(這是我看過(guò)的最有教育意義的電影)
⒁ no more、no longer、not...any more、no...any longer的用法：表示時(shí)間,可以用no longer、not...ny more、no...any longer,而且no longer只能放在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前;表示程度,可以用no more、not...any more.如：He no longer lived there.(他不再住在那里) / Tom wanted no more cakes.(他不想再要蛋糕) / He didn’ t smoke any more/longer.(他不再抽煙)
⒂ 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中,方式副詞一般放在be與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間。如： The runner was badly hurt.(賽跑運(yùn)動(dòng)員受了重傷) / English is widely spoken in the world today.(如今世界上英語(yǔ)說(shuō)得很廣泛)
⒃ too...to...與so...that...的問(wèn)題：副詞too/so后面跟形容詞或副詞,to后面跟動(dòng)詞,that后面跟從句。Too...to... (“太.……以致不……”)是否定的結(jié)構(gòu),用于簡(jiǎn)單句;so...that...(“如此…以致…”)是肯定結(jié)構(gòu),用于復(fù)合句。如：The child is too young to join the army.(這孩子年齡太小還不能參軍)/ He is so strong that he can lift the heavy box.(他這么強(qiáng)壯,搬得動(dòng)那個(gè)重箱子。)
⒄ 既是形容詞也是副詞的單詞有：early, late, long, last, next, first, near, enough, much, all, hard, alone, fast, slow, high, low, straight等等。如：It was a long holiday.(那是個(gè)長(zhǎng)假)/ He stayed there very long.(他在那兒呆了好久)/ Think hard then you will find a way.(好好想你就會(huì)找到辦法)/ He is a very hard(難對(duì)付的) person.(他是個(gè)難玩的家伙)
⒅ farther與further的用法區(qū)別：表示地點(diǎn)、方向或距離時(shí)兩個(gè)詞同義,意思為“更遠(yuǎn)、較遠(yuǎn)”,但是further還表示“更多、進(jìn)一步、額外”等意思,此時(shí)不能換為farther. 如：They decided to go farther/further the next day.(他們決定第二天走得再遠(yuǎn)些)/ This problem will be further discussed.(這個(gè)問(wèn)題還要進(jìn)一步討論)/ Every one of them had their further studies after they left college.(他們每個(gè)人大學(xué)畢業(yè)后繼續(xù)進(jìn)修)
⒆ rather與quite的用法區(qū)別：同very一樣,兩個(gè)詞都表示形容詞或副詞的程度,quite表示“不到最高程度但是比預(yù)料的好”,rather比quite更接近very的含義,含有令人驚訝的意思。見(jiàn)下圖對(duì)“nice”程度的描繪：
not nice (fairly) nice quite nice rather nice very nice
如：It’s quite a nice film.(這是部好片子)。(可能意味著不是一部最好的電影) / It’s rather a nice film.(這是部很不錯(cuò)的電影。)(意味著比大多數(shù)電影都好)
[注意]注意quite與rather后面的次序詞序。
⒇ maybe、possibly、perhaps的區(qū)別：maybe“可能、也許”,比另外兩個(gè)詞更不正式、更隨便、可能性不大;possibly“可能地、或者、也許”,可能性較大,在否定句和疑問(wèn)句中表示“無(wú)論如何”;perhaps“可能”,較為常用而且正式,可能性也不大。如：You could put it over there,maybe.(也許你可以把它放在那邊) / I couldn’t possibly have finished such a long book in such a short time.(我不可能在這么短的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成這么長(zhǎng)的一本書(shū))/ I thought perhaps it was the letter you have been expecting.(我以為那也許就是你期盼的信件)
(21) most、mostly的區(qū)別：most作為形容詞和名詞時(shí)意思是“大多數(shù)的、大部分的”,作為副詞時(shí)意思為“最,十分、很”;mostly僅為副詞,意思為“主要地、多半地、大部分地”。如：I was at home most of the time when I was free.(我有空時(shí)大部分時(shí)間都在家)Most children are naughty.(大部分的孩子都淘氣)/ This is the most exciting part of the film.(這是電影中最令人興奮的部分)/She is mostly out on Sundays.(星期天她一般不在家)
(22) (be) worth、(be) worthy of的區(qū)別：worth一般被看作是介詞,后面接名詞或者動(dòng)名詞,用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)含義,還可以用副詞well修飾;worthy of表示“值得的、配得上的”,后面跟動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)形式。如：What is worth doing at all is worth doing well(凡是值得做的,就值得好好去做). / The house is worth ￥300,000.(房子價(jià)值30萬(wàn)元)/ This book is well worth reading several times.(這本書(shū)
