五、ought to的用法
1. 表示義務(wù)或責(zé)任
意為“應(yīng)該”:
We ought to start at once. 我們應(yīng)該馬上離開。
Such things ought not to be allowed. 這類事不該容許。
2. 表示建議或勸告
意為“應(yīng)該”:
You ought to see the new film. 你應(yīng)該看看這部新電影。
We oughtn’t to take risks. 我們不宜于冒險。
He said I ought to write an article about it. 他說我應(yīng)當(dāng)寫一篇文章談這事。
3. 表示推斷
意為“應(yīng)該”、“可能”:
That ought to be enough food for all of us. 那些該夠我們大家吃的了。
Ask John. He ought to know. 問問約翰吧,他該知道。
I ought to be fit for work next month. 下個月我想必可以工作了。
注:用ought to 表示推斷時,語氣較肯定,通常指的是一種合乎邏輯的可能性(與should表推斷時相似),有時可譯為“準(zhǔn)是”(但語氣比must要弱):
That ought to [should] be Janet coming upstairs now. 正在上樓的準(zhǔn)是珍妮特。
4. 所接動詞所用形式
根據(jù)不同情況ought to后可接不同的動詞形式:
(1) 接動詞原形,用于談?wù)摤F(xiàn)在或?qū)淼那闆r。(見上例)
(2) 接進(jìn)行式,用于談?wù)撜谶M(jìn)行的事:
You oughtn’t to be talking so much,Annie. 你不宜講這么多話,安妮。
It isn’t what I ought to be doing. 這不是我現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該做的事。
有時表示將要發(fā)生的事(正如用進(jìn)行時態(tài)表示將來一樣):
I ought to be going. 我該走了。
We ought to be hearing from him soon. 我們不久應(yīng)當(dāng)會接到他的信。
(3) 接完成式,用于過去的情況,可指過去已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況,也可接本該發(fā)生而實際上未發(fā)生的情況:
They ought to have arrived by now. 他們現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該已經(jīng)到了。
I ought to have helped her,but I never could. 我本該幫助她的,卻從未能這樣做。
I don’t think you ought to have done that. 我想你不應(yīng)該這樣做的。
5. 使用注意點
(1) 在否定式中用ought not 或oughtn’t,在疑問中將ought提到主語之前:
He ought to go now, oughtn’t he? 他現(xiàn)在該走了,是嗎?
(2) 在美國英語中,ought to用于否定句和疑問句時可將to省略(但在肯定句中to不宜省)。另外,在省略句中也可以省去to:
Ought we (to) have done it? 我們本該做此事嗎?
"Ought I to go?" "Yes, you ought (to)." “我該去嗎?”“對,你該去。”
6. ought to與 should的用法區(qū)別
(1) 一般說來,兩者可替換,只是ought to語氣稍重:
You ought to[should] go and see Mary sometime. 你應(yīng)該什么時候去看看瑪麗。
The train ought to [should] have arrived at six. 火車本應(yīng)該6點鐘到的。
(2) 表示出于法令規(guī)則、行為準(zhǔn)則、道德責(zé)任等客觀情況而“應(yīng)該”做某事時,一般應(yīng)用ought to,若用should則含有個人意見,強(qiáng)調(diào)主觀看法:
We ought to go and see Mary tomorrow, but I don’t think we will. 明天我們按理應(yīng)該去看看瑪麗,但是我認(rèn)為我們不會去(此句不宜用should)。
(3) 在公告、須知或條例中,出于禮貌,常用should:
You should not run alongside the swimming-pool. 不準(zhǔn)在游泳池邊奔跑。
六、will與would的用法
1. 表示意愿
will 表示現(xiàn)在的意愿,would表示過去的意愿:
I will pay you at the rate you ask. 我愿意照你要求的價錢付款。
Go where you will. 你愿到哪里就到哪里。
He wouldn’t help me yesterday. 他昨天不愿幫助我。
She asked if I would go with them. 他問我是否愿同他們一起去。
注:(1) 表示“意愿”的 will 有時可用于條件句中:
If you will allow me, I will see you home. 如果你同意,我可以送你回家。
(2) would也可表示現(xiàn)在的意愿,語氣較委婉:
I’d go there with you. 我愿同你去那兒。
I wouldn’t go. 我不會去。
2. 表示征求意見或提出請求
主要用于第二人稱的疑問句中,will和would均可用,would此時并不表過去,而表示委婉語氣:
Won’t you take off your coat? 你要不要把大衣脫掉?
Will [would] you please post the letter for me? 請幫我寄了這封信好嗎?
Would Sunday night suit you? 星期天晚上適合你嗎?
注:(1) 有時為使語氣委婉,可用否定式。總的說來,用would比用will委婉,用won’t和would’t比單獨用will和would要委婉。
(2) would有時用于提出想示,通常與like, love, hate, prefer, be glad, be happy等連用,若用于第一人稱有時也可將would換成should:
I’d like [love] to have a look at it. 我想看看它。
I would prefer not to go out today. 我今天不想出去。
3. 表示習(xí)慣和傾向性
will表示現(xiàn)在的習(xí)慣,would表示過去的習(xí)慣:
Oil will float on water. 油總是浮在水上。
This window won’t open. 這扇窗戶經(jīng)常打不開。
He’ll talk for hours, if you let him. 你要讓他講,他會講幾個小時。
The wound would not heal. (過去)傷口老不愈合。
When he was a child, he would often go skiing. 他小時候經(jīng)常去滑雪。
He would sit there for hours sometimes doing nothing at all. 有時他在那里一坐幾個鐘頭,什么也不做。
注:有時would表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的令人不耐煩的事:
That’s exactly like him—he would lose her keys! 他就是這樣,老丟鑰匙!
4. 表示推測
will用于談?wù)摤F(xiàn)在,would可用于談?wù)撨^去,也可用于談?wù)摤F(xiàn)在(語氣較委婉):
This car will hold six people. 這輛小汽車可以坐六個人。
Ask him. He will know. 問問他吧,他大概知道。
You wouldn’t know. 你不會知道。
Every family would have some sort of trouble. 家家都會有本難念的經(jīng)。
The person you mentioned would be her father, is that right? 你提的那個人想必是她的父親,對嗎?
注:有時可后接完成式,表示對過去可能已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況進(jìn)行推測:
You will have heard of it. 你已經(jīng)聽到那事了吧。
I thought you would have finished it by now. 我想你現(xiàn)在可能已經(jīng)做完了吧。
5. 表示執(zhí)意或決心
will表示現(xiàn)在的執(zhí)意和決心,would表示過去的執(zhí)意和決心:
“Tell me the secret.” “I won’t.”“把秘密告訴我。”“我才不哩。”
I won’t have anything said against her. 我絕不讓誰說她的壞話。
He would do it, though I told him not to. 雖然我叫他不要做,可是他偏要做。
注:此用法可視為表意愿的加強(qiáng)用法,即強(qiáng)烈的意愿即為決心。
6. 其他用法
will 還可表示許諾、指示、叮囑等,而would還可用于評論某一特定的行為等:
You will have your share. 你會得到你那一份的。
You will do as I told you. 你得照我說的去做。
That’s just what he would say. 他就是愛那樣講話。
You would never do anything to hurt me. 你絕不會做傷害我的事的。
7. would與虛擬條件句
有時用would,可視為是省略了或包含有相關(guān)條件的虛擬語氣:
I might see her personally. It would be better. 我可能親自去看她,那樣更好些。(=It would bebetter if I saw her personally.)
She’d be stupid not to accept. 她不接受那才笨呢。(=She would be stupid if the didn’t accept.)