(一)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
一.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成式的用法
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在完成式主要有兩個(gè)功能：表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況和表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。在這兩個(gè)方面must/mustn’t,;can/cann’t;need/needn’t;may/mayn’t;might/mightn’t;should/shouldn’t;
ougtht等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+完成式表示的意思是有一定區(qū)別的
1.表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況。
1)must have+過(guò)去分詞，表示對(duì)已發(fā)生情況的肯定推測(cè)，譯為“(昨天)一定……”。如：
My pain apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically:” Are you feeling all right?”
[A] must be [B] had been [C] must have been [D] had to be
(答案為C)
2)can’t / couldn’t have+過(guò)去分詞，表示對(duì)已發(fā)生情況的否定推測(cè)，譯為“(昨天)一定沒(méi)……”。如：
Mary my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.
[A] couldn’t have received [B] ought to have received
[C] has received [D] shouldn’t have received
(答案為A)
3)may / might have +過(guò)去分詞，表示對(duì)已發(fā)生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推測(cè)，或事實(shí)上根本沒(méi)發(fā)生，譯為“也許……”。如：
At Florida Power’s Crystal River plant, a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician.
2.表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
1) needn’t have + 過(guò)去分詞，表示做了不必做的事，相當(dāng)于”didn’t need to do”,譯為“其實(shí)沒(méi)必要……”。如：
You needn’t have come over yourself.
As it turned out to be a small house party, we so formally.
[A] needn’t dress up [B]did not need have dressed up
[C] did not need dress up [D] needn’t have dressed up
(沒(méi)有必要穿的那么正式，體現(xiàn)是說(shuō)話者的建議，實(shí)際結(jié)果是否真的穿的很正式?jīng)]有確定，答案為D)
2)should have +過(guò)去分詞，表示應(yīng)該做某事但實(shí)際上未做，譯為“本應(yīng)該……”should not + have過(guò)去分詞表示本不應(yīng)該做某事但實(shí)際上做了，譯為“本不應(yīng)該……”。如：
I regret having left the work unfinished; I should have planned everything ahead carefully.
我本來(lái)應(yīng)該事先認(rèn)真地把每件事情規(guī)劃的很好，但實(shí)際上作者還是沒(méi)有規(guī)劃好，以至工作沒(méi)有完成。
3) ought to have +過(guò)去分詞，表示動(dòng)作按理該發(fā)生了，但實(shí)際上未發(fā)生，譯為“該……”，與should 的完成式含義類似。如：
The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke .
4) could have +過(guò)去分詞，表示過(guò)去本來(lái)可以做但卻未做，譯為“完全可以……”。這點(diǎn)與ought/should/ have +過(guò)去分詞用法相似。如：
What you said is right, but you could have phrased it more tactfully.
5) may/ might have +過(guò)去分詞，表示過(guò)去可以做但實(shí)際未做，譯為“(那樣)也許會(huì)……”。如：
It might have been better to include more punchy statistics and photos of equipment in the introduction to further assist first-time office automation managers.
二.幾個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞常考的句型：
1).may/might (just) as well “不妨，最好”，與had better相近;
Since the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train.
既然航班已經(jīng)取消了，你不妨乘火車吧。相當(dāng)于you had better go by train。
2) .cannot / can’t…too …“越……越好，怎么也不過(guò)分”。注意這個(gè)句型的變體cannot…over….如：
You cannot be too careful when you drive a car.駕車時(shí)候，越小心越好。
The final chapter covers organizational change and development. This subject cannot be over emphasized .
3) .usedn’t 或did’t use to 為used to (do) 的否定式。
4).should 除了“應(yīng)該”一層意思外，考研大綱還規(guī)定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如：I didn’t expect that he should have behaved like that. 我無(wú)法想象他竟然這樣做。
三.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)關(guān)系的主動(dòng)表達(dá)法
1. want, require, worth(形容詞)后面接doing也可以表示被動(dòng)意義。
Your hair wants cutting
The book is worth reading
The floor requires washing.
2.need既可以用need to be done 也可以使用need doing ，兩種形式都表達(dá)被動(dòng)的意義
The house needs painting= the house needs to be painted.
The watch needed repairing= the watch needed to be repaired.
