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現在完成進行時的謂語動詞構成
I/ we/ you/ they have been doing sth.
he/ she/ it has been doing sth.
(一)表示從過去某時開始一直持續到現在的動作，并且還將持續下去。
The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years.
中國有2000年的造紙歷史。(動作還將繼續下去)
I have been learning English since three years ago.
自從三年前以來我一直在學英語。(動作還將繼續下去)
(二)表示在說話時刻之前剛剛結束的動作。
We have been waiting for you for half an hour.
我們已經等你半個鐘頭了。(動作不再繼續下去)
(三)有些現在完成進行時的句子等同于現在完成時的句子。
They have been living in this city for ten years.
They have lived in this city for ten years.
他們在這個城市已經住了10年了。
I have been working here for five years.
I have worked here for five years.
我在這里已經工作兩年了。
(四)大多數現在完成進行時的句子不等同于現在完成時的句子。
I have been writing a book.(動作還將繼續下去)
我一直在寫一本書。
I have written a book.(動作已經完成)
我已經寫了一本書。
They have been building a bridge.
他們一直在造一座橋。
They have built a bridge.
他們造了一座橋。
(五)表示狀態的動詞不能用于現在完成進行時。
I have known him for years.
我認識他已經好幾年了。
* I have been knowing...
這類不能用于現在完成進行時的動詞還有：love愛，like喜歡，
hate討厭，等。
比較過去時與現在完成時
1)過去時表示過去某時發生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情，強調動作;現在完成時為過去發生的，強調過去的事情對現在的影響，強調的是影響。
2)過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用，而現在完成時通常與模糊的時間狀語連用，或無時間狀語。
一般過去時的時間狀語:
yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的時間狀語
共同的時間狀語:
this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately
現在完成時的時間狀語
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,
不確定的時間狀語
3)現在完成時可表示持續到現在的動作或狀態，動詞一般是延續性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
過去時常用的非持續性動詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
舉例：
I saw this film yesterday.
(強調看的動作發生過了。)
I have seen this film.
(強調對現在的影響，電影的內容已經知道了。)
Why did you get up so early?
(強調起床的動作已發生過了。)
Who hasn’t handed in his paper?
(強調有卷子，可能為不公平競爭。)
She has returned from Paris.
她已從巴黎回來了。
She returned yesterday.
她是昨天回來了。
He has been in the League for three years.
(在團內的狀態可延續)
He has been a League member for three years.
(是團員的狀態可持續)
He joined the League three years ago.
( 三年前入團，joined為短暫行為。)
I have finished my homework now.
---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?
---He’s already been sent for.
句子中如有過去時的時間副詞(如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960)時，不能使用現在完成時，要用過去時。
(錯)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
(對)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
過去完成時
1) 概念：表示過去的過去
----|-------|-----|---->其構成是had +過去分詞構成。
那時以前 那時 現在
2) 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句。
She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
b. 狀語從句
在過去不同時間發生的兩個動作中，發生在先，用過去完成時;發生在后，用一般過去時。
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
c. 表示意向的動詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時表示"原本…，未能…"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn’t.
3) 過去完成時的時間狀語before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。
He said that he had learned some English before.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
現在完成進行時 :
其構成形式如下：
I / we / they have
He / she / it has been + 動詞的現在分詞
功用如下：
1) 表示一個在過去開始而在最近剛剛結束的行動，如：
Ann is very tired. She has been working hard.
Why are you clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?
2) 表示一個從過去開始但仍在進行的行動，如：
It has been raining for two hours. (現在還在下)
Jack hasn’t been feeling very well recently.
3) 表示一個從過去開始延續到現在，可以包括現在在內的一個階段內，重復發生的行動，如：
She has been playing tennis since she was eight.
4) 現在完成時強調動作行為的結果、影響，而現在完成進行時只強調動作行為本身，如：
Tom’s hands are very dirty. He has been repairing the car.
The car is going again now. Tom has repaired it.
注意：
?
現在完成時有否定結構、而現在完成進行時沒有否定結構。
現在完成時態可表示做完的時期以及已有的經驗、但現在完成進行時不可以
專項練習
1. I____ already ____ (see) the film. I ________ (see) it last week.
2. _____ he ____ (finish) his work today? Not yet.
3. My father ____ just ____ (come) back from work. He is tired now.
4. Where‘s Li Ming ? He __________ (go) to the teacher‘s office.
5. I __________ (work) here since I ______ (move) here in 1999.
6. So far I _______________(make) quite a few friends here.
7. How long ________ the Wangs ______________(stay) here ? For two weeks.
8. I ________ just ___________ (finish) my homework.
9. He ________ (go) to school on foot every day.
10.____ you ______ (find) your science book yet?
11. If it ____ (be) fine tomorrow, I’ll go with you.
12. The students ____________ (read) English when the teacher came in.
13. Look! The monkey __________ (climb) the tree.
14. My mother __________ (come) to see me next Sunday.
15. I’ve lost my pen. _________ you ________ (see) it anywhere?
1. have, seen, saw 2. Has, finished 3. has, come 4. has gone 5. have worked, moved 6. have made 7. have, stayed 8. have, finished 9. goes 10. have, found 11. is 12. were reading 13. is climbing 14. is coming 15. Have, seen。
