英語中,句子的謂語動詞必須在人稱和數上和句子的主語保持一致。下面結合高考試題,對有關主謂一致的問題作一分析。
1. 由 either … or …, neither … nor … , not only … but also …等連接的名詞或代詞作主語時,謂語動詞的形式要和離動詞最近的那個主語在人稱和數上保持一致。例如:
Neither you nor he is to blame.
你和他都不該受責備。
Not only the students but also the teacher has to memorize the text.
不僅學生而且老師都要把課文背熟。
Either he or you are to do that work.
不是他就是你要做那項工作。
2. 主語后面跟有 with, together with, but, along with, like, except, besides, including, in addition to, rather than, as well as 等加名詞或代詞構成的短語時,謂語動詞的形式通常和這些短語前面的主語在人稱和數上保持一致。例如:
I, as well as they, am ready to help you.
我和他們都樂意幫助你。
A woman with two children is coming.
一個婦女帶著兩個孩子走過來了。
Nobody but Tom and Mary was there.
只有湯姆和瑪麗在那里。
An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in the work.
一位專家和幾位助手被派去協助這項工作。
No one except my parents knows anything about it.
除了我父母誰也不知道這件事。
3. 由 and 連接的并列名詞詞組作主語時,如果主語是指兩個或更多個人或物,謂語動詞要用復數形式;如果主語是指同一個人或物,這時, and 后面的名詞前面沒有冠詞,謂語動詞要用單數形式。例如:
The secretary and the principal of the school were present at the meeting.
該校的書記和校長都出席了會議。
The secretary and principal of the school was present at the meething.
該校的書記兼校長出席了會議。
4. 集體名詞如 family, team, group, class, club, committee, audience, public 等用作主語時,如果側重一個整體,謂語動詞用單數形式;如果著重集體中的各個成員,謂語動詞用復數形式。例如:
His family isn’t very large.
他家人口不多。
His family are all music lovers.
他家的人都喜歡音樂。
The audience was enormous.
觀眾人數很多。
The audience were greatly moved at the words.
聽了這話,聽眾都很感動。
5. 在 there 或 here 引起的句子中,如果主語不止一個,謂語動詞的形式要和與其臨近的那個主語在數上保持一致。例如:
There is a book, two pens and three pencils on the desk.
書桌上有一本書,兩支鋼筆和三支鉛筆。
Here are a few envelopes, a pen and some paper for you.
這兒有幾個信封、一支筆和一些紙給你。
6. “ a number of +復數名詞”作主語時,謂語動詞通常用復數形式:“ the number of +復數名詞”作主語時,謂語動詞通常用單數形式。例如:
A number of books have been published on the subject.
有關這一學科的書出版了許多。
The number of the books published on the subject is simply amazing.
有關這一學科的書,出版的數量簡直驚人。
7. 形式上是單數而意義上是復數的集體名詞如 people, police, cattle (牛), poultry (家禽)等用作主語時,謂語動詞要用復數形式;形式上是復數而意義上是單數的名詞如 works (工廠), savings (存款), news (新聞), means (方法), politics (政治), economics (經濟學)等用作主語時,謂語動詞要用單數形式。例如:
The police are on the track of the criminal.
警察正在追捕那個罪犯。
The cattle are eating grass on the pasture.
牛正在草場上吃草。
Every means has been tried.
每一種方法都試過了。
The chemical works is located in the suburb of the city.
那個化工廠位于城市的郊區。
8. each 和由 some, any, no, every 構成的不定代詞作主語時,謂語動詞用單數形式。例如:
Each of us has something to say.
我們每個人都有些話要說。
Someone wants to see you at the door.
門口有個人想見你。
Nobody knows it.
沒有人知道這件事。
9. 表示時間、距離、重量、金額、書名等復數名詞作主語時,通常當作整體看待,謂語動詞用單數形式。例如:
One hundred miles was covered in a single night.
一夜走了 100 英里。
Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.
允許有三個星期的時間做必要的準備。
10. “ the +形容詞”一般表示一類人,如 the old (老人), the young (年輕人), the rich (有錢人,富人), the poor (窮人), the black (黑人), the white (白人), the dead (死者), the living (生者)等,若它們在句中作主語時,謂語動詞要用復數形式。例如:
The rich are not always happy.
有錢的人并不總是快樂的。
The old are taken good care of.
老年人受到了很好的照料。
11. “分數或百分數+ of +名詞”作主語時,謂語動詞的形式要與 of 后面的名詞在數上保持一致。例如:
About 70 percent of the workers in that factory are young people.
那些工廠 70 %的工人是年輕人。
Only three-fifths of the work was done yesterday by them.
昨天他們只完成了五分之三的工作。
12. 并列的動詞不定式短語、動名詞短語或從句作主語時,謂語動詞通常用單數形式。例如:
Early to bed and early to rise makes one happy and wise.
睡得早,起得早,心情愉快身體好。
Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.
早睡早起是個好習慣。
Whether we will go or not matters little.
我們去不去關系不大。
13. 在“ one of the +復數名詞+定語從句”結構中,若復數名詞是定語從句的先行詞,定語從句的謂語動詞要用復數形式;但是,當 one 前面有 the only , the very 等修飾時, one 是先行詞,定語從句的謂語動詞要用單數形式。例如:
She is one of the girls I know who like to speak ill of others behind their backs.
她是我所知道的喜歡在背后說別人壞話的女孩之一。
She is the only one of the girls I know who likes to speak ill of others behind their backs.
她是我所知道的女孩中唯一的一個喜歡在背后說別人壞話的女孩。