根據(jù)我們剛接觸英語語法時的理解，試判斷下列例句：
I go through my exam paper carefully. (對)
I go through my exam paper careful. (錯)
同學(xué)們不難分辨上述兩句話的正誤。的確，從一般語法角度來看，副詞往往出現(xiàn)在句末，作狀語，起修飾作用。但是可不可以就此推論，出現(xiàn)在句末起修飾作用的狀語都是副詞呢?
新概念英語給出了答案：
且看第三冊L44 Speed and Comfort 里出現(xiàn)的不按“常理”出牌的句式：
1)An aeroplane gets you to your destination rapidly.
2)Inevitably you arrive at your destination almost exhausted.
第一句話里是我們常見的副詞放句末，但對于第二句話中形容詞放在句末的現(xiàn)象我們怎么理解呢?
其實這里的exhausted是作伴隨狀語成分，它的邏輯主語是you，確切說它是修飾主語you的。該類句子一般可以還原成并列句或主從復(fù)合句，還原后譯文就是：Inevitably you arrive at your destination and you are almost exhausted或者Inevitably when you arrive at your destination, you are exhausted.
而第一句話中的rapidly并非修飾主語an aeroplane,而是修飾句中謂語動詞get, 修飾謂語動詞，當(dāng)仁不讓的自然是副詞。
再欣賞一例：
Fruits should be eaten fresh.= Fruits should be eaten when they are fresh.
其中fresh作為形容詞，修飾的是句子主語fruits，并非修飾謂語eat也不是修飾整句話。比較Fruits should be eaten usually, 這里的副詞usually做謂語eat的狀語，旨在突出eat的頻率，而不是fruits了。
由此可見，我們不能一概而論地認(rèn)為放在句末的必定是副詞了，形容詞或形容詞短語也會悄然出現(xiàn)在句末，只要分清他們修飾的句子成分，就可以清楚地辨別詞性。副詞一般修飾謂語動詞或整句話，而形容詞或形容詞短語則往往修飾主語，作為主語的補(bǔ)充描述。而這一類形容詞或形容詞短語在很多句式中還有更加靈活的位置，比如句首，句中等。下面我們來看看形容詞或形容詞短語作狀語的各種情形：
一、形容詞或形容詞短語作伴隨狀語
I opened the cupboard door and then stood in front of it petrified.
(新概念英語第三冊 L24 A skeleton in the cupboard)
You arrive at your destination fresh and uncrumpled.
(新概念英語第三冊 L44 Speed and comfort)
If they had only one more child, the fact would have passed unnoticed.
(新概念英語第三冊 L45 The power of the press：有時候Ved分詞也可視為是形容詞的一種變體)
They sting or bite without provocation; they fly uninvited into our rooms on summer nights.
(新概念英語第三冊 L54 Instinct or cleverness)
二、形容詞或形容詞短語作原因狀語
Tired of sleeping on the floor, a young man in Teheran saved up for years to buy a real bed.
(新概念英語第二冊 L49 The end of a dream)
Very excited, the party dug a hole two feet deep.
(新概念英語第二冊 L55 Not a gold mine)
Sure that I had passed, I was almost beginning to enjoy my test.
(新概念英語第二冊 L69 But not murder)
三、形容詞或形容詞短語作其他狀語成分
We do know, however, that for thousands of years, food was always eaten cold and raw. (方式狀語) 2017年秋季中級口譯考試
Ripe，these cherries are sweet. (時間狀語)
= When they are ripe, these cherries are sweet.
After a long journey, he went back home, tired and hungry. (結(jié)果狀語)
The boy was shot and fell down dead. (結(jié)果狀語)
Sure enough, a policeman arrived on the scene and politely asked the workmen to go away. (承接作用) 新概念第三冊L40 Who is who
對于很多英語學(xué)習(xí)者而言，最初的語法句式常常先入為主，產(chǎn)生慣性思維，比如上文說到的副詞在句末的情況，看到不按“常理”出牌的句式，往往手足無措，開始懷疑“定論”。其實，英語學(xué)習(xí)本就是循序漸進(jìn)螺旋上升的，我們只有更多閱讀思考，博聞廣記，才能不斷拓寬視野，突破語法瓶頸，掌握更多的語法句式。
竺嬋楨
集團(tuán)20周年功勛教師，早年畢業(yè)于上海外國語大學(xué)，TESOL國際英語教學(xué)證書。
主講：初高中新概念三冊
